Latin conjugation


fr:Conjugaison latine la:Coniugatio Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. It may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most languages require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation.) In Latin, there are four main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have a passive voice and an active voice. (Naturally, only transitive verbs may be conjugated in the passive.) Furthermore, there exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning). In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

Latin tenses and moods

Latin has the following tenses and moods:

Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts since the present indicative in the passive voice is formed from the same radical as the supine. Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerundive, the supine, the present and future participles and the future infinitive. Verbal adjectives of deponent verbs are passive in meaning.

Principal parts for the active voice

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel a and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present infinitive. The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel e and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present infinitive. The third conjugation consists of two sub-forms sometimes referred to as the third normal (or e stem) and third special (or i stem) forms. In the normal form the first person present indicative ends in -ō. In the special or i stem form, the first person indicative ends in -iō. In both cases the present infinitive ends in -ere. The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel i and can be recognized by the -īre ending of the present infinitive. There are also some verbs that are irregular and do not fall into one of the four categories. Some examples include: Some verbs that fall under one of the four categories may follow its method of conjugation but not necessarily have the same progression of principal parts. This is especially true in the third conjugation, where there is no general pattern for the third and fourth principal parts of the verb. For example, the verb occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum (to kill) is third conjugation but has principal parts that are different from that of legō.

Conjugation radicals

The present infinitive radical is derived by dropping the -are, -ere, or -ire from the present infinitive. The perfect indicative radical is derived by dropping the -i from the first-person singular perfect indicative: The supine radical is derived by dropping the -um from the supine:

Conjugation tables

For the most part, the four principal parts of a verb are sufficient information to form all other conjugations of the verb. The tables below show the conjugations of verbs in all four declensions and several irregular verbs.

First conjugation (-are): amo, amare, amavi, amatum (to love)

Active voice

Passive voice

Pattern

Second conjugation (-eo, -ere): deleo, delere, delevi, deletum (to destroy)

Active voice

Passive voice

Pattern

Third conjugation (-o, -ere): lego, legere, legi, lectum (to read)

Active Voice

Passive voice

Third conjugation (-io, -ere): facio, facere, feci, factum (to make, do)

Active voice

Passive voice

Fourth conjugation (-ire): audio, audire, audivi, auditum (to hear)

sum, esse, fui (to be)

eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go)

Present - eo is it imus itis eunt Perfect - ii isti iit iimus iistis ierunt Imperfect - ebam ebas ebat ebamus ebatis ebant Pluperfect - ieram ieras ierat ieramus ieratis ierant

volo, velle, volui (to want)

nolo, nolle, nolui (to not want)

malo, malle, malui (to prefer)

fero, ferre, tuli, latum (to carry, wear)

Syncopated Forms

Patterns and Similarities

Notice that in all forms the endings are similar, o or m endings mean I. s means you (in the pronouns suus means his; do not get confused) and the t endings mean he/she/it. So: : Singular :# -o/m = I, eg. su'''m''' or verb'''o''' :# -s = You, eg. e'''s''' or ama'''s''' :# -t = He, eg es'''t''' or ama'''t''' : Plural (note the simularities with the singular) :# -mus :# -atis :# -nt A few elements of conjugation, often similar to Latin conjugation, survive in English and can serve as helpful mnemonics. am (I am) retains the nasal mmm sound inherited from its ancestors (note: me). is is remarkably similar to the Latin est. Such similarities are a result both of English's direct borrowings from Latin by way of Old French, and of English's and Latin's common descent from Indo-European.

Derivations for all verbs

See also

Category:Latin language
atin conjugation Ltin conjugation Lain conjugation Latn conjugation Lati conjugation Latinconjugation Latin onjugation Latin cnjugation Latin cojugation Latin conugation Latin conjgation Latin conjuation Latin conjugtion Latin conjugaion Latin conjugaton Latin conjugatin Latin conjugatio aLtin conjugation Ltain conjugation Laitn conjugation Latni conjugation Lati nconjugation Latinc onjugation Latin ocnjugation Latin cnojugation Latin cojnugation Latin conujgation Latin conjguation Latin conjuagtion Latin conjugtaion Latin conjugaiton Latin conjugatoin Latin conjugatino Latin conjugatio LLatin conjugation Laatin conjugation Lattin conjugation Latiin conjugation Latinn conjugation Latin conjugation Latin cconjugation Latin coonjugation Latin connjugation Latin conjjugation Latin conjuugation Latin conjuggation Latin conjugaation Latin conjugattion Latin conjugatiion Latin conjugatioon Latin conjugationn atin conjugation ltin conjugation lain conjugation latn conjugation lati conjugation latinconjugation latin onjugation latin cnjugation latin cojugation latin conugation latin conjgation latin conjuation latin conjugtion latin conjugaion latin conjugaton latin conjugatin latin conjugatio altin conjugation ltain conjugation laitn conjugation latni conjugation lati nconjugation latinc onjugation latin ocnjugation latin cnojugation latin cojnugation latin conujgation latin conjguation latin conjuagtion latin conjugtaion latin conjugaiton latin conjugatoin latin conjugatino latin conjugatio llatin conjugation laatin conjugation lattin conjugation latiin conjugation latinn conjugation latin conjugation latin cconjugation latin coonjugation latin connjugation latin conjjugation latin conjuugation latin conjuggation latin conjugaation latin conjugattion latin conjugatiion latin conjugatioon latin conjugationn

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